Where do the nerves that supply the diaphragm (phrenic nerves) exit the spinal cord?

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Multiple Choice

Where do the nerves that supply the diaphragm (phrenic nerves) exit the spinal cord?

Explanation:
Nerve supply to the diaphragm comes from the phrenic nerves, which arise from the ventral rami of the cervical spinal nerves, mainly at levels C3, C4, and C5. This is why the diaphragm remains the primary muscle for breathing and why injuries affecting the cervical spine above or at these levels can severely impair ventilation. A helpful mnemonic is that “C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive.” The other level groups listed do not contribute to diaphragmatic innervation: lower lumbar (L1-L2) or upper thoracic (T1-T3) nerves supply abdominal and intercostal muscles, not the diaphragm.

Nerve supply to the diaphragm comes from the phrenic nerves, which arise from the ventral rami of the cervical spinal nerves, mainly at levels C3, C4, and C5. This is why the diaphragm remains the primary muscle for breathing and why injuries affecting the cervical spine above or at these levels can severely impair ventilation. A helpful mnemonic is that “C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive.” The other level groups listed do not contribute to diaphragmatic innervation: lower lumbar (L1-L2) or upper thoracic (T1-T3) nerves supply abdominal and intercostal muscles, not the diaphragm.

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